艺术的历史
古代时,艺术家担当了巫师或祭师的角色;巴台农神庙绝非后世意义上的“美的艺术”——建筑,而是神明的在场,是人神交往、供奉与馈赠的游戏所在。在中世纪,圣像制作(icon-making)不是“艺术家”的工作,而是由专业的神职人员或由教会专门委托的人员来完成;同理,“圣像”(icon)也绝非后世所谓的“美的艺术”——绘画,而是圣明的在场,是人类向它跪拜与祈祷的对象。在国人根深蒂固的误解中,文艺复兴时期的艺术被理解为人类从宗教教条中摆脱出来成为历史主体的象征。事实上,文艺复兴一方面开始了“艺术”走向审美对象的历程,另一方面却仍然深深地植根于西方基督教传统。应该说,“艺术”的神性与人性维度在此时达到了相对平衡,但是,艺术品仍然不是后世意义上的纯粹的审美对象。直到18世纪中叶,现代意义上的“美的艺术”才真正诞生。
但是,现代意义上的“美的艺术”一诞生,黑格尔就意识到问题的严重性:艺术一旦脱离与真理、精神的关系,岂不是沦为挂上墙上、可有可无的装饰品吗?黑格尔因此提出了在现代社会艺术终结的命运。他的名言是:艺术,已经不再是精神的最高需要了;面对圣母,我们不再下跪了。
然而,18世纪以及紧跟着黑格尔到来的19世纪,艺术并没有见证这位哲学家断言的死亡。相反,它高度繁荣起来。最主要的原因是出现了艺术自主理念。艺术从此脱离教会和宫廷,成为自主的事业。此时,艺术虽然从其宗教意义和政治意义中摆脱出来,却并没有因此而失去其精神支撑。起初,他将意义维系于“美”,美成为一种独立的价值。随后,19世纪时,伴随着艺术家与资产阶级及市民阶层的日益对立,“为艺术而艺术”的口号被提了出来,从而成为艺术家一种自我意识的追求。这是艺术自主思想的激进演变,它要求艺术在脱离宗教和政治这两个旧主子之后,还要与市场这个新主子实行决裂。这一艺术运动的最终结果就是现代主义艺术观念和艺术形式的诞生。
fern hill羊齿山⛰️下
Fern Hill
By Dylan Thomas
Now as I was young and easy under the apple boughs
About the lilting house and happy as the grass was green,
The night above the dingle starry,
Time let me hail and climb
Golden in the heydays of his eyes,
And honoured among wagons I was prince of the apple towns
And once below a time I lordly had the trees and leaves
Trail with daisies and barley
Down the rivers of the windfall light.
And as I was green and carefree, famous among the barns
About the happy yard and singing as the farm was home,
In the sun that is young once only,
Time let me play and be
Golden in the mercy of his means,
And green and golden I was huntsman and herdsman, the calves
Sang to my horn, the foxes on the hills barked clear and cold,
And the sabbath rang slowly
In the pebbles of the holy streams.
All the sun long it was running, it was lovely, the hay
Fields high as the house, the tunes from the chimneys, it was air
And playing, lovely and watery
And fire green as grass.
And nightly under the simple stars
As I rode to sleep the owls were bearing the farm away,
All the moon long I heard, blessed among stables, the nightjars
Flying with the ricks, and the horses
Flashing into the dark.
And then to awake, and the farm, like a wanderer white
With the dew, come back, the cock on his shoulder: it was all
Shining, it was Adam and maiden,
The sky gathered again
And the sun grew round that very day.
So it must have been after the birth of the simple light
In the first, spinning place, the spellbound horses walking warm
Out of the whinnying green stable
On to the fields of praise.
And honoured among foxes and pheasants by the gay house
Under the new made clouds and happy as the heart was long,
In the sun born over and over,
I ran my heedless ways,
My wishes raced through the house high hay
And nothing I cared, at my sky blue trades, that time allows
In all his tuneful turning so few and such morning songs
Before the children green and golden
Follow him out of grace,
Nothing I cared, in the lamb white days, that time would take me
Up to the swallow thronged loft by the shadow of my hand,
In the moon that is always rising,
Nor that riding to sleep
I should hear him fly with the high fields
And wake to the farm forever fled from the childless land.
Oh as I was young and easy in the mercy of his means,
Time held me green and dying
Though I sang in my chains like the sea.
象友的总结太形象了,配上这两幅象上看到的图片,恭贺今上千秋万代:
@xiaoqiao
“寄人篱下多年,满怀欣喜归家,发现爹是个法西斯,思想不开化不说,还动不动揍得你满地找牙,你稍有反抗,同胞兄弟逢人就骂你不孝,典型东亚叙事了就是说。”
国内文革浪漫化真的又毒又坏,我每次看小孩叫魂1968都蛮害怕的,就,普通人怎么能真的以为文革十年是底层斗官员、大众斗精英?“红卫兵”这个帽子也不是你想戴就能戴的。造反派斗走资派只是很短暂的一瞬,文革大部分是红色贵族对大众的清洗,听秦晖讲广西文革一年就死了800万人,某市几天就死了2000多,最后广西人吃人也不是什么秘闻了,而且95%以上的死亡是在革委会成立以后which means单纯造反派没有造成那么大的伤亡。还有一些文化精英的受难也是受难于党内斗争,而不是直接受害于底层人的造反。
记忆被篡改得太多了,当下很多,精英尤其是非贵族出身的精英,对下层的敌视来得莫名其妙,反而和红色贵族穿一条裤子,这算不算一种认贼作父?